Oils and Fats Shopping Guide - Olive Oil

There are three basic methods in which olive oil is marketed to the consumer:

1. Bulk Oil: Many of the name brands sold in food stores in the United States (and in many other parts of the world) are a blend of bulk olive oils from one country or several countries, which allows the manufacturer to sell the product at a reasonable price. For example, a leading brand of virgin olive oil may contain a blend of virgin oils from Spain, Greece, and Turkey or a bottle of extra virgin oil may contain a blend of extra virgin olive oils from throughout one country, such as Italy. The label will usually designate the origin of the oil blend. The blending of different batches of olive oil of the same grade does not indicate that the product is inferior. Many blended olive oils are among the most popular.
   
   
2. Regional Oils: Olive oil obtained from olives grown in a particular region of a country are known as regional oils. They usually have distinct, identifiable flavors and aromas and may be more expensive than bulk olive oils.
   
   
3. Estate Oils (also known as Single Estate Oils) : Refers to oils that are obtained from olives grown on an individual farm. The olives are usually harvested by hand and the oil is pressed and bottled on site. Estate oils are among the best that are available and they are expensively priced. They are usually sold on site or in specialty shops and are stored and displayed away from excessive heat and bright light, which cause deterioration in the flavor and quality of the olive oil. (In some food stores, displays of olive oil may be exposed to heat and light, but because of the quick turnover in most food stores, this may not result in a significant problem with the quality.)

Choosing a top quality olive oil is much like choosing wine: it is a decision usually determined by personal taste. Like wine, there are several factors that determine the quality and flavor of olive oil, such as:

• Type of olives used
• Ripeness of the olives
• Location where the olives are grown
• Environmental factors
• Harvesting methods
• Time of the harvest
• Pressing techniques
• Packaging and storage methods

When purchasing a high quality, extra virgin olive oil, consider the following:

• The quality and flavor will differ greatly between different brands. Some shops specializing in olive oil may offer samples to help you decide on a specific oil. Prices for a half liter of high quality extra virgin olive oil may range from $7 to $32, which is comparable to a bottle of wine. In order to be a bit more affordable, expensive olive oils can be purchased in smaller sizes and then used occasionally for salads or as a condiment.
  
  
• When shopping for olive oil, keep in mind that the color of the oil depends on the type of olive and the degree of ripeness of the olive when it is harvested. An olive oil with a lighter green color may indicate that the olives were younger and were probably green or yellowish-green when picked. Some olive varieties produce a darker green oil when they are fully ripe. An olive oil with a yellow color may indicate that the olives where riper and had turned from green to blue, purple, or black.
  
  
• When purchasing a single estate oil, the age of the olive oil is important. Look for the harvest date on the label and ask questions before buying. Olive oil does not improve with age, so any oil that is older than 1½ years should not be purchased.
  
  
• The method of storing and displaying olive oil is important in order to avoid excessive heat and bright light, which causes olive oil to deteriorate. Olive oil that has been bottled in reactive metal containers such as copper or in plastic bottles, should not be purchased.
  
  
• Other popular sources for purchasing high quality olive oils are mail order catalogs and the Internet. Many individual olive oil producers issue catalogs and/or have Web sites that allow consumers worldwide to purchase various products.

The labeling requirements for olive oils from different areas of the world can be very confusing because there is no international standard for the labeling of olive oil. Extra virgin oil is obtained from the first pressing, when the natural acidity is lowest, but in some countries, olive oil may be labeled "extra virgin" even though it may be chemically treated to lower the acidity. A small quantity of first-pressed oil is then added to the refined oil to enhance the color and flavor. This is usually not the case in Italy, France, and Spain, which have the strictest regulations of all the countries that export olive oil to the United States.

In the United States, any olive oil labeled "extra virgin" or "virgin" must be oil obtained from the first pressing of the olives. Any oil that has been obtained through any non-mechanical processes (such as heat or chemical processes) cannot be labeled "virgin" or "extra virgin." Olive oil produced with heat or chemical methods usually has no taste or color and may have a small quantity of extra virgin olive oil added to provide both. It may be labeled "pure olive oil," which simply indicates that no other types of oil have been blended with the olive oil, but of course, the name "pure olive oil" may be confusing to consumers who may believe that the name signifies an oil of the highest quality. Other names used to indicate pure olive oil are:

• Olive Oil
• 100% Olive Oil
• 100% Pure Olive Oil

Olive oils labeled as mild, light, or lite refer to the flavor of the oil as mild or light and do not designate oil that is low in calories. All types and grades of olive oil contain the same amount of calories (120 calories per tablespoon). Olive oils in this group are very popular among consumers who are looking for a healthy oil without a strong flavor. Some of the names given to these products include:

• Lite Olive Oil
• Mild Olive Oil
• Mild in Taste Olive Oil
• Light in Taste Olive Oil
• Mild in Taste, Virgin Olive Oil
• Light Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Many of the popular brands sold in food stores in the United States are a blend of bulk olive oils from one country or several countries, which allows the manufacturer to sell the product at a reasonable price. For example, you may notice a label that states that the olive oil is "a blend of select olive oils from Italy", or "a blend of select olive oils from Spain, Turkey, and Italy", and so on.

The label on most bottles of olive oil sold in the United States will display the following information:

• The grade of the oil: Extra Virgin, Virgin, etc.
• The country of origin, or the countries of origin if the oil is a blend of bulk oils.
• If the oil is extra virgin or premium extra virgin, the label may indicate "First Pressing", "Cold Pressing", or "First Cold Pressing."
• The level of acidity may be on the label.
• If the oil is a single estate oil, the name of the grower may be on the label.
• A single estate oil may contain the harvest date.
• The nutritional information will be listed on the label for bulk olive oil sold in the United States.